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▲高考英语语法必考知识点:被动语态
在英语中,被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,但大多数句子都使用主动语态。被动语态在英语中极为重要。许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。需要注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意:那些汉语中有“被……”的短语往往又不是被动语态,而是主系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:“known to me的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被动语态往往由“by”引出,而有用介词“by on foot”步行(美国人有时用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四轮马车)等等。
还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动语态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢首先要明确“将来进行无被动,现在完成时进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。
另外,不及物动词带有同原宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂。下面口诀就以动词“do”为例,即“do、did”过去式“done”过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态。一定对你有所启示。 当然了,被动语态也可以概括为“be done”。也就是“be+过去分词”。
▲高考英语语法必考知识点:被动语态记忆口诀
一般现在时、一般过去时用be +及物动词的.过去分词,be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have(has)done,被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall(will)do,被动变do为be done。
将来进行无被动,shall(will)be doing。
现在完成时,被动 have(has)been done。
现、过进行be doing,被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前。
主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前。
一般情助加be done,双宾多将间宾变。
复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变。
第二句“be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“情助”是指情态动词和助动词“must,may,can,shall,will”等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话,应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。
▲高考英语语法必考知识点:被动语态例句
一般现在时:
主:We believe him.
被:He is believed by us.
一般过去时:
主:He bought his children some pens.
被:Some pens were bought for his children by him.
一般将来时:
主:Everyone will know the truth soon .
被:The truth will be known by everyone.
现在进行时:
主:Mary is making a doll.
被:A doll is being made by Mary.
过去进行时:
主:They were carrying the hurt player.
被:The hurt player was being carried by them .
现在完成时:
主:He has received the letter.
被:The letter has been received by him.
过去完成时:
主:They had built ten bridges.
被:Ten bridges had been built by them
▲高考英语语法必考知识点:被动语态变化的步骤
1、把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
2、把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。
3、原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。
4、其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。
▲高考英语语法必考知识点:无被动语态的情况
1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即多数的瞬间动词):
appear, die(死亡),disappear(消失), end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较: rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错)The price has been risen.
(对)The price has risen.
(错)The accident was happened last week.
(对)The accident happened last week.
(错)The price has raised.
(对)The price has been raised.
(错)Please seat.
(对)Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
3)系动词无被动语态(“keep”除外):
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4)带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态:
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5)当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。
(对)She likes to swim.
(错)To swim is liked by her.
▲高考英语语法必考知识点:被动语态的特殊情况
在用于被动结构时,有些动词可以带双宾语。在这种情况下,主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时,直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面;直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前通常加上介词for/to, etc.。
即:S+V+IO+DO→IO+ be done +DO→DO+ be done + prep. +IO
g. 1) My uncle gave me a gifton on my birthday.
→I was given a gifton on my birthday.
→A gift was given to me on my birthday.
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard toplay the guitar.
→It is often heard from him to play the guitar.
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2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:过去将来时
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:将来完成时
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:将来进行时
2017年高考英语语法必考知识点:一般将来时的用法