最新土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结(十六篇)
在经济发展迅速的今天,报告不再是罕见的东西,报告中提到的所有信息应该是准确无误的。那么什么样的报告才是有效的呢?下面是小编为大家整理的报告范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇一
土壤是在地球表面生物、气候、母质、地形、时间等因素综合作用下所形成的能够生长植物、具有生态环境调控功能、处于永恒变化中的矿物质与有机质的疏松混合物,是我们日常生活中最常见的物质之一,也是人类生产和生活中不可或缺的一种自然资源。它是人类赖以生存的物质条件,深刻影响着整个地球的生态环境。过去、现在和将来,人类的生存和发展都离不开土壤资源。土壤是植物生长繁育的基地,是农业的基本生产资料,是农业可持续发展的基础,没有土壤就没有农业。
土壤学作为主要研究土壤中的物质运动规律及其与环境间相互关系的科学,是农业科学和资源环境科学的基础学科之一。“民以食为天,食以土为本 。”土壤科学今后必须为提高粮食产量和改善生态环境服务。但由于我国人口众多,而且后备土壤资源严重不足,人类生存环境前景也不容乐观,土壤科学面临的挑战和问题也日益增多,土壤科学在国民经济中的战略地位也日益增强。
土壤学实习是土壤地理学的一个重要组成部分,是野外研究土壤的一项重要手段。通过实习,一方面把课堂教学与野外实际结合起来,巩固、充实和提高课堂所学的理论;另一方面通过对野外土壤观察研究,初步掌握土壤调查的基本技能和方法,并通过实习报告的书写,培养学生初步科研能力。
一、实习概况与记录
实习目的:认识主要的土壤类型,在自然状态下能够进行识别。了解土壤类型分化与环境条件的关系,掌握土壤剖面的挖掘技术。
实习时间:20xx年12月2日到12月5日
指导老师:***老师、***老师、***老师
实习人员:****级全体同学
实习工具:铁锹、ph指示剂、比色卡、采样袋、剖面刀、比色卡、卷尺、瓷块、布袋、卫生纸等
实习记录:12月2号集体观看了有关土壤样本化验、土壤农化分析的电视节目,下午领取了实习工具。3、4号两天进行野外实习。我们的实习路线是:棘洪滩水库附近-胶东镇镇南-大沽河旁-莱阳北坡村-莱阳红土崖,在这两天中,我们挖掘了各个地点的土壤剖面进行观察、分析了其土壤类型及性质、探讨了其土壤形成因素、并粗测土壤样品的ph值和石灰反应。采集了一些土壤样品、考察了一些土壤侵蚀的情况、并了解到了各个地点土壤的综合利用方式。我们对各个地点和老师们的讲解都作了详尽的记录。第四天我们将各组的记录做成报告,进行了总结交流。
土壤剖面情况见表1-5。
二、实习内容
我们的实习内容有八个方面:
1、不同成土条件对土壤性质的影响:
在土壤学中,将影响土壤形成的各种自然条件,归纳为地形、气候、成土母质、植被、成土年龄等五大因素,称为土壤形成因素,或简称成土因素。也就是说,地球陆地表面的任何一种土壤,都是在这五种因素的共同作用下形成的。但是,在不同的地区,各因素的具体内容和特点不同,各因素还以不同作用强度相配合,从而形成各种各样的土壤。上述五大成土因素,并不是各自孤立地去作用
于土壤,去影响土壤形成的方向和土壤性质。相反,它们之间也在相互影响,相互作用,以它们的综合起来的特点去制约土壤形成的方向的。
除了上述的自然成土因素外,人为作用也是影响土壤形成的重要因素。所谓人为因素的影响,主要是指人类生产活动通过不同的土地利用方式,对土壤形成方向的改变和对土壤性质的改造。在各种土地利用方式中,以农业利用方式对土壤的影响最为深刻。但是,人为因素与其他自然因素不能等同看待,它们之间虽然有密切关系,并且人为作用尚不能在许多方面摆脱自然因素的影响和制约。但是对影响土壤形成过程来说,人为因素与自然因素毕竟有着本质上的区别。人类是根据自己的需要,按照自己的意图,以一定的方式和措施,参与土壤形成和改造土壤,使土壤朝着有利于人类发展生产的方向演变,这是自然因素所不可比拟的。如果土地利用不合理。那么,生产活动对土壤的影响就会是不良的和破坏性的。例如,滥伐森林、陡坡开荒、过度放牧,等等,都会造成土壤水蚀或风蚀。土壤侵蚀的结果,不仅使土壤肥力下降,甚至完全破坏了土壤,而且蚀去的泥沙还会淤塞沟渠、河道,埋没农田,造成很难补救的不良后果,这是必须高度警惕的。
2、土壤剖面点的野外选择原则
(1)要对所要求制图的地区在地面景观上有代表性,要求地形条件比较平稳,即有一个相对稳定的土壤发育条件,否则土壤剖面缺乏代表性。
(2)不宜在路旁、住宅四周、沟渠附近、积肥坑周围和坟墓附近等一切人为干扰较大而没有代表性的地方挖掘剖面。
(3)如果发现土层中有炭片、砖片等人为干扰的侵入体,除了研究熟化土壤外,一般应改变剖面点位,或重新增设剖面。
(4)山地丘陵区的土壤比较复杂,应根据调查目的和精度选择不同高度和坡地的上、中、下部挖掘剖面。
3、剖面挖掘时应注意的事项
(1)剖面观察面应垂直、向阳、便于观察和拍照。
(2)挖掘出来的表土和底土应分别堆放在土坑的两侧,不宜相混合,以便然观察后再分层回填。
(3)观察面上方不宜堆放挖掘出来的土壤,也不宜在其上方走动踩踏,以免破坏表层结构而影响剖面的观察结果。
(4)在垄作的农田进行土壤剖面观察时,剖面的观察面应垂直垄沟走向,使剖面垂直面上能同时看到垄背、垄沟部位的表土变化和作物根系发育。
4、自然剖面的优缺点
这次实习中我们利用了较多的自然剖面,自然剖面是因修路、开矿、兴修水利等工程建设,在施工挖方地段裸露的土壤垂直断面,并被长期保留下来,成为土壤调查中可以利用的现存剖面。
自然剖面的优点:垂直面往往开挖较深,延伸面较广,连续性较好。
缺点:不是因土壤调查需要开挖的垂直面,首先不能均匀地分布在各种土壤类型上,位置也不一定具有代表性;其次,自然剖面长期露在大气中,日晒雨淋,生物滋生等环境因素的变化,使土壤理化性态不可避免地发生变化。
5、土壤剖面形态的观察和描述:
土坑挖好后,用刀或铁铲把剖面削成垂直状态后,即可进行观察和记录。观察剖面时,应先从上而下划分出若干层次(一般以颜色、质地、松紧度、结构、根系分布等作为划分层次的依据)然后按层次观察土壤的形态、特征,并作好记
录。观察项目主要有:土层厚薄、干湿度、颜色、质地、结构、松紧度、酸碱度、新生体、侵入体以及根系情况等等。
6、采集和制备土壤样品的技术和方法:
通过对各个地点土壤样品采集的实践,较好地掌握了采集土壤样品的技术和方法。
a、样品采集的方法,应根据研究、分析目的来确定。如果是为了研究土壤的发生、发育情况,就应按照剖面层次来取样。如果是为了研究某地土壤的肥力特性,通常是把土壤分为若干不同的类型,再在同一类型的土壤地段中,选择一些有代表性的地块,采取混合样品。如果是为了某一特定目的,如研究高产田、高产园或低产田低产园,或分析某一土壤的障碍物质,则在特定的田块中选择有代表性的位置采取混合样品。取样必须在有代表性的地方进行,如植株生长特殊的地方、路旁、水沟边、土丘较低洼部位或放置过肥料的地方都应避开。
b、制备样品步骤:从田间采回的土壤样品,应及时进行风干,以免发霉引起土壤性质的改变。用木槌压散土块,捡出杂质。混匀土壤,准确称取300克。将称好的土壤用木槌压散(勿将石砾打碎),通过3毫米孔径的土筛(不能通过的石砾,在称重后可弃去,但要计算其所占的百分比)。从通过3毫米筛的土壤中称取100克土,使之全部通过1毫米的土筛。不能通过者,用研钵反复研磨,使之全部通过。各种样本制备完毕后,分别将其放入大中小广口瓶后塑料袋保存,并写上标签,其内容有:样本编号、土壤名称、采样地点、采样深度、通过筛孔大小、制备实践及制样人的姓名和专业等等。
三、个人实习总结
这次实习,收获挺大的。一方面,它让我们和老师们一起渡过了一段美好的时光,加深了师生之间的情谊,也加深了同学们之间相互合作、相互帮助的友情。另一方面,它让我们走出课堂,走向大自然,对于一个学习农业方向的学生来说,这一点是很重要的,这不仅开拓了我们的眼界,而且还是我们应用课堂知识的重要途径。通过这次实习,使我能够将课堂上讲的知识与实际应用结合起来,这不仅使我加深了对课堂知识的巩固,也激发了我对这一门课程的热爱。这次实习还使我认识了几种土壤的类型并知道了它们的性质特征,初步掌握土壤调查的基本技能和方法,我觉得最重要的一点是,使我认识到土壤学的重要性。
当然,实习过程中也让我也知道了书本知识的重要性,自己平时应该更加的努力学习知识。另外在实习中我还懂得了搞科学要认真严谨,容不得半点马虎,要多动手,绝对不能偷懒,该做的就要动手去做,不能凭空想像。我们还应该好好珍惜实习机会,多学些有用的东西,为将来的工作打下牢固的基础。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇二
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土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇三
土壤是固态地球表面具有生命活动、处于生物与环境间进行物质循环和能量交换的疏松表层。它具有肥力,在自然界和人工栽培条件下,能够产生植物,是人类赖以生存和发展的重要资源和生态条件。土壤与地球表面其他疏松、多孔的物质的重要区别在于土壤具有肥力。所谓土壤肥力是指土壤能够经常地,适量地供给并协调植物产生所需的水分、养分、空气、温度、扎根条件和无毒害物质的能力。水、肥、气、热是土壤的四大肥力因素,它们之间互相作用,共同决定土壤肥力。土壤中固、液、气三相物质比例不同,使土壤表现出许多不同的性质,其中有的有利于作物生长,有的则不利。土壤不但是植物生长的基地,也是动物、人类以及绝大多数微生物栖息、繁衍的场所。
通过这学期对《土壤学》的学习了解了土壤科学的发展史,与土壤有关的地学基础知识,岩石风化和风化产物,土壤形成因素和土壤剖面,土壤有机质,土壤孔性、结构性和耕性,土壤水、气、热状况,土壤胶体与土壤保肥供肥性,土壤酸碱性和氧化还原反应,土壤的发生、分类与分布,以及我国主要土壤类型的成土条件、成土过程、性状和改良利用。掌握土壤物理化学和生物学性质,能分析各种肥力性状之间的相互关系;主要土类的分布规律,形成条件,剖面性质,基本理化性状和利用改良;并能够鉴别出主要的岩石。土壤学不仅有完整的理论,而且有一整套实验的方法,土壤教学环节中,除包括系统的讲授课时外,实习实验也是重要的一个环节。土壤学实习,是土壤学教学的重要环节之一,通过实习,一方面把课堂教学与野外实际结合起来,印证、巩固、充实和提高课堂所学的理论;另一方面通过对野外土壤观察研究,初步掌握土壤调查的基本技能和方法,并通过课程论文写作,培养学生初步科研能力;同时使学生认识到土壤学的重要性并激起学生对土壤学的兴趣和热爱。
土壤学是与实践密切相结合的,土壤学的教学实习是游憩等专业的重要教学环节,通过实践教学实习,其目的、任务及要求如下:
1.通过实习验证巩固该学科的理论知识,开阔眼界,增长知识,增强理论联系实际的能力。
2.熟悉本省地带性土壤及非地带性土壤的分布规律及其形成条件、形成过程、土壤性状、利用改良措施。
3.掌握主要土壤类型及土壤的形成过程和土壤特点,为水保规划和森林植物更新等提供依据。
4.了解全国土壤分布规律及其主要土壤类型。
5.熟悉我省土地资源退化的原因及防治对策措施。
6.掌握土壤剖面挖掘方法,掌握剖面形态特征和自然条件的观察、描述、记载方法,学会土壤类型的识别。
7.通过土壤水分物理性质的测定,应用这些数据,学会综合分析、评述土壤的方法,并能提出各类土壤的合理开发利用改良技术措施。
8.通过实习进一步熟悉主要成土岩石的性质和提高鉴别技能。
9.通过实习学会野外母质类型的鉴别和地形地势的观察。
10.通过综合实习,增强珍惜、保护和合理开发利用土地资源及生态环境的意识,提高贯彻执行国策、国法的自觉性,提高立志振兴水保学科和发展土壤科学的使命感和责任感,激发学生的爱国热情。
11.了解土壤调查工作的基本方法,土壤调查是为了探明土壤的发生发育和分布规律,查清土地资源及其生产条件,以便按不同需要利用和改良土壤。土壤调查是通过实际观察,了解成土因素的作用和土壤形态、性状上的特征,找出影响植物正常长的限制因素和障碍因素,解决生产管理中存在的具体土壤问题。土壤调查是研究土壤科学的基本方法,是搞好林业和水保基本建设和实行科学种树的前提,也是实现林业现代化的一项基础工作。
1、 实习时间 :
2、 实习地点:
3、参加人员 : 指导老师
级别
专业组别第组
组员
第一天 实习地点:
进行实习前的总动员,老师给大家讲解实习的具体安排,各项实习操作的方法,实习内容,时间安排,参加人员的分组,工具的领取及介绍工具的使用。要求预习实习相关的内容:三大岩类的识别方法、土壤剖面形态特征等。最后特别强调实习期间要注意的事项,包括安全等等。
第二天20xx年12月30日 实习地点:
沿途观察地质地貌及母岩母质特征等,并取采集岩石标本同时学习观察、鉴别岩石标本。观察山地红壤的形成、利用现状和改良措施;观察林场建立的各种休闲娱乐设施及立体养殖模式;土壤剖面的挖掘、土壤发生层的划分,土壤形态特征的观察和记载方法。进行土壤原状样品的采集,分析样品的采集。
第三天20xx年12月31日 实习地点:校内,实验室和水保园。
参观水保园,去实验室观察岩石标本、利用整段标本进行全国土壤的分布和主要土壤类型的介绍,观察不同类型的整段剖面等,了解全国土壤的分布规律和主要的土壤类型。博学楼后观察岩石风化的特点并采集岩石标本同时进行鉴别,
下午在实验室风干土壤样品并进行土壤物理性质的测定(土壤自然含水率、容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量等)。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇四
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土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇五
几天前,我们在老师的带领下,去户外进行了土壤学实习,这次实习给我留下了很大的印象。
一月十一日早上,我们在实习老师的带领下开始了土壤学实习。我们学校的后山即是我们的实习的第一站。老师带领我们来到了学校的后山,后山有一处天然的土壤剖面。在老师的指导下,我们了解到,学校后山的土壤是属于黄红壤,可以观察到剖面自上而下可分为:有机质层、淋溶层、淀积层、母质层。有时候我们可以清楚地观察到各个层次的分割线,但在这处切面我们没有观察到,只能看到各个层次的逐渐递减。
下午我们去了上甘林场,也就是我们实习的第二站。去的时候,天空飘起了鹅毛大雪,不一会,外面就开始白了起来,而更让我们措手不及地是我们去的竟然是--墓地。到了那里,经过一条长长地石阶,我们到达了目的地。据说上甘林场原本是一片荒地,后经我校领导和政府的联合调查发现了其利用价值,于是在其上种树:有南酸枣,元柏等。这里虽是石灰性土,且大多为岩石,但这些树木顽强地从岩石缝里汲取营养,并生活得很好。后被当地的政府看中,将中间一块选为墓址。那里的土为石灰性土,土壤分层明显,我们能够很清晰地看到有机质层与淋溶层的分界线。林场的对面生长着一些灌木和一些草本,无明显高大乔木的痕迹。
紧接着我们又去了青山毛竹林,这里是我们实习的第三站。然而就是这里,成了这次实习最惊险的地方。由于我们的实验点选在山顶,没办法,我们只能硬着头皮往山顶爬,这里的山路非常难走,根本没有向上甘林场那样铺好的石阶,全是泥地,但又由于下雪天,路变得异常的泥泞。老师告诉我们这里的土壤粘性很大,所以才会是这里山路这般难走。我一步三滑,和同学手拉手,才勉勉强强安全到达了山顶,但仍有一些同学不能幸免,摔得一身泥。好不容易到了山顶,这里的风很大,吹得我们的心都凉了。好不容易等老师说完了注意情况,我们就开始动手了。但问题又出现了,原来我们组负责带工具的同学,忘记把工具带上来了,只能在老师的授意下合其他一起完成了这个任务。
第二天我们来到了本次实习的最后一站--富阳。我们乘着校车,两个小时后我们到了实习地。到了这里我们首先在农科院的姐姐的指引下来到了铜-镉污染土壤修复的试验点了解情况。那里生长着好多对铜,镉污染的超富集植物如:东南景天,铜草,香根草,海洲香薷等。随后我们来到环山中学对面的农田挖土,那里的土质为水稻土,它的剖面分层很明显,主要可分为有机质层,犁底层,诸育层等,老师要求我们每人挖一麻袋土回去,作为下届学弟学妹们的实验材料。回去的车上,大家都睡得很香,想必大家都累了吧,呵呵~~~我也很累,睡得很香呢!
实习就这样结束了,我觉得自己得到了很大的收获,虽然一路上惊险刺激,但好在大家都完成了实习的目的。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇六
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土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇七
1、在实际环境中充分认识、辨识、了解土壤,熟悉土壤的形成条件、成土过程、剖面特征、农业性状等内容,丰富理论知识。
2、理论联系实际,学会挖掘土壤剖面的方法和技巧,学会识别土壤类型和层次。
3、学习发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法,为今后的土壤学学习打下基础。
4、了解陕西境内土壤分布的总体趋势,认识各种土壤类型。
5、为了实现以上目的,通过从陕西渭北旱塬到关中盆地以及秦岭北麓一带主要环境要素自然变异规律、地质与地貌特征和土壤剖面类型的综合调查,掌握土壤剖面的分异规律与母质、气候、生物、地形及时间之间的关系,了解区域土壤分布的规律性及其土壤演化趋势。
20xx年7月16日——20xx年7月23日
1、洛川县城工地
2、安塞生态站
3、火地沟
4、火地塘林场后山坡
5、高山草甸
6、天坑草甸
7、平河梁
8、宁陕县红褐土剖面
9、宁陕县寨沟村
10、周至县马召镇
1.试剂:土壤学实习所用试剂有:10%的稀hcl、 酸碱混和指示剂、比色盘、比色卡及试纸,蒸馏水瓶。
2.仪器:gps(或海拔仪)、地磁仪。
3.工具:手铲、镢、铁锨、剖面刀、皮尺(2米左右)。
4.小型土壤剖面盒及记载表格。
土壤是在地球表面生物、气候、母质、地形、时间等因素作用下所形成的能够生长植物、具体生态环境调控功能、处于永恒变化中的矿物质与有机质的疏松混合物。它是一个多孔多相系统,具有垂直分层性。土壤是自然演变的活化石,是记录地球沧海桑田变化过程的最有力也是最易获取的证据。
本次实习主要内容包括两个方面,一是了解根据地形气候等因素所导致的陕西境内的土壤分布总体趋势,二是观察学习各种土壤类型的形成因素、成土过程、剖面特征、基本性质等具体内容。
(一)陕西土壤分布趋势
根据陕西省的地势高低、地形、气候等条件因素,由北向南,依次可分为了渭北高原、关中盆地、秦岭山地等几个板块,每个地域都有各自类型的土壤。所以,土壤的分布规律存在着地带性分布规律,非地带性分布规律以及垂直分布规律等特征。
1、地带性分布
黄土高原由东南向西北气候逐渐变得干冷,植被经历着森林,森林-草原,草原,荒漠的过渡变化,地势渐次增高;黄土母质沉积规律与该生物气候规律相呼应,土壤质地越来越粗,因而,使得土壤的水分规律与此生态条件相适应。
2、非地带性分布规律
在河流两岸,分布着一些受河流冲击影响的非地带性土壤。在渭河、黑河和泾河分布着潮土,由于经常受地下水的影响,铁的氧化还原交替,故在土壤剖面上形成黄棕色锈纹锈斑。河流冲击母质受上游地质构造的影响,其质地差异很大。
3、土壤垂直分布
随着海拔的升高,环境因素也在不断改变,如降雨量、温度、植被、光照等。土壤的分布与各种环境因素有着密不可分的关系。秦岭山地土壤分布受到基带土壤及南北方气候差异,南北坡土壤垂直分布规律差异很明显。
(二)具体土壤观测
根据陕西土壤分布规律,本次实习我们相继观察了黑垆土、塿土、潮土、黄褐土、淋溶褐土、水稻土、草甸土、棕壤、暗棕壤、黄棕壤等土壤类型。下面,就分别详细介绍以上土壤:
1、 黑垆土
黑垆土是发育于黄土母质上的具有残积粘化层(俗称黑垆土层)的黑钙土型土壤。多分布于中国陕西北部、 甘肃东部、 宁夏南部、山西北部和内蒙古的黄土塬地、黄土丘陵和河谷高阶地等地,是中国黄土高原地区主要土类之一。
(1)形成因素
①母质:黑垆土成土母质为第四季风成黄土。其黄土母质疏松、深厚并含有丰富的矿质养分,草原植被生长繁茂。
②气候:黑垆土分布区属暖温带半干旱-半湿润季风气候类型,年平均气温7—11℃,最冷的1月份平均气温-2—7.5℃,最热的7月份平均温度22—25℃,无霜期150—210天,年降雨量320—650毫米,7—9月降雨占全年降水量的53—58%。干燥度1.25—2.0,年蒸发量1600—2400毫米,为降水量的3—4倍。气候总特点是:夏季高温多雨,雨热同期,冬季寒冷少雪,春干秋湿,四季分明。
③生物:在疏松、营养条件丰富的黄土母质条件下,土壤生物和母质间旺盛的物质交换频繁,多于黑垆土深厚的腐殖质层 (80~100厘米)。
④地形:主要地形为平坦的黄土塬面。
⑤ 时间:8000---10000年以来
(2)成土过程:
①腐殖质的累积过程
黑垆土的腐殖质层是在草甸草原植被下,经长期的生草作用而形成,在适宜的环境条件下,使土壤中有机物质分解形成腐殖质,并且大量积累。
有机物质残体腐解后所形成的腐殖质与土壤中钙离子结合,并以薄膜形式包被于土粒和微团聚体表面,或富集于孔隙壁上,因而形成深厚的暗灰色的腐殖质层,即黑垆土层。
②钙化过程
由于母质属于石灰性土,其钙成为黑垆土形成过程中的主要化学迁移元素。在夏秋高温多雨季,土壤中碳酸钙迁移明显,迁移机理有:与腐殖质络合迁移,有形成ca(hco3)2形式迁移。在剖面上形成假菌丝、霜粉状或者结核石灰新生体。
③黑垆土的次要成土过程还包括土壤的残积粘化作用,黄土覆盖作用、坡积洪积作用等。
(3)剖面特征:
①耕作熟化层:厚度为30~60cm,淡灰棕色,质地壤土—粘壤土,有石灰反应,团粒和团块状结构。
②黑垆土层:50~60cm,暗灰色,多蚯蚓粪和虫孔。块状结构,有白色菌丝体。
③碳酸钙淀积层:黄棕色,粘壤土,与母质层过度不明显。钙离子与胡敏酸反应产生絮凝沉淀。块状和拟块状结构。
④母质层:黄棕色,粘壤土。
(4)农业性状:
黑垆土的黄土母质疏松、深厚,并且含有丰富的矿质养分,草原植被生长繁茂,适耕性较强,已全部为耕作土壤,利用时应采取措施制止水土流失,充分利用地表和地下水资源, 扩大灌溉面积并增施有机肥料。
2、塿土
塿土,又称为褐土,是在暖温带半湿润气候与落叶阔叶林为主的生物气候条件下形成的土壤。土壤的淋溶淀积明显,有粘化现象,具有褐色的粘化层,属于半淋溶土纲。主要分布在陕西关中渭河和山西汾河盆地的台塬和高阶地之上。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇八
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土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇九
土壤是固态地球表面具有生命活动、处于生物与环境间进行物质循环和能量交换的疏松表层。它既是独立的历史自然体,也是最易受人类活动影响、为人类提供食物的自然资料。土壤和人类的关系十分密切,因为人类生存必须发展农业,以取得食物。农业生产,首先是绿色植物的生产,是以土壤为物质基础的。各种作物都是在土壤里扎根立足,并通过根部从土壤里取得养分和水分,才能生长繁茂。其次,人们饲养动物,也必须以植物为饲料。很明显,没有土壤,也就没有农业。为了发展农业生产,人们必须重视土壤资源的开发、利用改良。科学地开发和利用土壤在国民经济建设,特别是在农业生产和改善环境中具有重要作用。
土壤学作为主要研究土壤中的物质运动规律及其与环境间相互关系的科学,是农业科学和资源环境科学的基础学科之一。土壤学在农业生产、环境保护以及工程建设中发挥着直接而又重要的作用,特别是土壤学的研究成果在农业生产上所做出的重大贡献,为土壤学的进一步发展奠定了基础。
土壤学实习,是土壤学教学的重要环节之一,通过实习,一方面把课堂教学与野外实际结合起来,印证、巩固、充实和提高课堂所学的理论;另一方面通过对野外土壤观察研究,初步掌握土壤调查的基本技能和方法,并通过课程论文写作,培养学生初步科研能力;同时使学生认识到土壤学的重要性并激起学生对土壤学的兴趣和热爱。
基于以上理由,作为学习土壤学的学生,我们于12月12日至16日期间,对珠江三角洲土壤进行了一次详细地实习考察。
实习概况与记录
实习工具:铁锹、镐、ph指示剂、口盅、瓷块两块、卷尺、比色卡、采样袋两个、刀。
我们的行程为三天,路线是:中山民众镇—中山五桂山—中山三乡镇—珠海香洲区—广州火炉山—广州茶山—华南农业大学农场。在这三天中,我们挖掘了各个地点的土壤剖面进行观察、分析了其土壤类型及性质、探讨了其土壤形成因素、采集了一些土壤样品、考察了一些土壤侵蚀的情况、并了解到了各个地点土壤的综合利用方式。我们对各个地点和老师们的讲解都作了详尽的记录。第三天下午,我们听取了李华兴院长的关于土壤学发展现状和展望的专题讲座,获益匪浅。第四天我们在实验室里制备土壤样品和精确测定它的ph值。第五天我们将各组的记录做成报告,进行了总结交流。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇十
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土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇十一
土壤在农林生产和陆地生态系统中具有重要地位,是农业生产的基本生产资料,同时也是影响人类生存环境的重要因素。
首先,土壤是植物生长发育的基地,是农林生产的基本生产资料。土壤可以为植物生长提供水分和养分以及机械支持等,而由于动物生产又是以植物生产为基础的次一级生产,所以,土壤不仅是植物生产的基础,也是动物生产的基础,农林生产要以土壤为最基本的生产资料。
其次,土壤是制定农林生产技术措施的基础和依据。几千年来的农业生产经验已经证实,整个农林生产过程中,在制定和采取各项生产技术措施时,必须首先考虑土壤因素,要始终坚持“因地制宜”的基本生产原则,包括因土施肥、因土灌溉、因土种植、因土管理等。
其三,土壤是人类社会最宝贵的自然资源,是陆地生态系统的主要组成部分。土地是人类和其他动植物赖以生存的家园,合理开发和利用土地资源对保护和维持陆地生态系统的平衡和可持续发展具有重要作用,当然,对土壤的科研与保护对人类社会的发展具有伟大意义。
其四,土壤是影响人类生存的重要环境因素。土壤作为影响人类生存的3大环境因素之首,是人类赖以生存的基础,她为人类提供食物和栖息之地,她的环境质量直接关系到人类的身体健康。
综上所述,对土壤科学的学习与研究迫切而需要。
1、野外以小组为单位进行土壤剖面观测和记录以及讨论,每人完成一份实习总结。
2、要求同学们遵守各项纪律,不怕苦,不怕累,认真进行实习内容的学习。
1.实习目的:
(1)学习掌握土壤剖面的挖掘方法和注意细节,回顾掌握土壤剖面性状观察的方法
(2)了解泰山山脚主要的岩石类型和土壤的类型、分布、成土条件剖面特征及改良利用措施;
(3)锻炼独立进行土壤剖面的观察,并能鉴别土壤类型的能力,现场认识断层、滑坡、岩层,背斜、向斜等地质现象;
(4)通过实习实验,掌握土壤和岩层常规理化分析方法,并能对数据进行整理和应用。
(5)通过实习,回顾学习中国土地资源的类型分布、各种质地土壤的形成原因和发展历史、了解其利用价值和利用现状,增强合理利用和保护土壤的环保意识。
2.仪器配备和试剂:
(1)仪器
1、土铲:挖掘土壤剖面。
2、比色卡:比色确定土壤的ph值。
3、白瓷板(点滴板):测定土壤ph。
4、剖面刀:整理土壤的剖面、检验岩石的硬度。
5、卷尺:测定土壤发生层厚度。
6、铁锤:敲砸岩石以便于做岩石的石灰性反应和观察岩石内部性状
(2)试剂
1、混合指示剂:测定土壤ph值中显色。
2、稀盐酸(1:3):用于测碱性土壤的石灰性反应。
3、实习方法步骤:
(一)、泰山山脚实习地点
(1)剖面点的选择:
根据实习目的选择剖面点,选点位置为泰山山脚的一小片棕壤土,具有代表性,避免了沟渠、村庄等人易干扰的地段。选好点后应观察如下:
土壤类为棕壤;
土壤类型分布的地形为山地山脚;
植被为灌木林多为农业果木山楂、核桃等;
成土母质为残、坡积母质;
农业利用情况为种植少量柏树和经济树木等;
存在的主要障碍因素主要为岩石较多,不便耕作;
最后开始挖掘剖面。
(2)剖面挖掘与修整:
根据实习目的确定剖面深为0.8m,宽 0.6m ,依靠一个断坡而挖掘,达到了母质层,剖面坑的一端向阳,垂直削平作为观察面,观察者随宋老师站在断坡地面观察分析。挖掘时将表土堆于一侧,下层土壤堆于另一侧,两端不堆土,观察完毕后,将底土填回下层,表土填回上层,观察面上不能践踏。
(3) 剖面观察与土层划分 :
先远距离观察剖面,看清全剖面的土层组合,再靠近仔细观察,根据各个剖面的颜色、质地、结构、新生体等的变化,参考环境因素,推断土壤的发育过程,具体划分出各个发生层次。用钢卷尺量出各层深度,记录母岩的层位,在记录本上勾画土体构型如图。
(4)土壤性状的观察和记载 :
记录剖面特征,对各发生层次逐层详细观察并进行一些理化性质的速测。记录颜色、质地、结构、土壤坚实度、土壤干湿度、孔隙状况、侵人体、土壤酸碱度等。
(5)土壤ph测定:
取白瓷板(点滴板),将其擦拭干净,取相应层次土层的土适量于点滴板凹槽中,滴加适当过量的混合指示剂,轻轻晃动点滴板使测定充分,倾斜点滴板使显色后的部分指示剂从凹槽中流出,观察流出指示剂的颜色,拿比色卡进行对比,确定土壤的ph。
(6)实习实验数据内容统计与处理:
(7)总结回顾:
1、泰山的气候环境为夏季炎热多雨,冬季寒冷干旱;植被分布为以海拔800m为界,800m以上油松木,500m-800m多为侧柏、松树,500m-200m多为灌木;
2、泰山阳面成土母质为残积母质和坡积母质,土壤类型多为棕壤,其母质岩主要是花岗岩,发育于亚热带常绿阔叶与落叶阔叶混交林,其主要特征是剖面中有棕色或红棕色的b层,即含粘粒量较多的粘化层;土体内有铁锰结核;
3、泰山山顶和阳面的岩石组成多为花岗岩,阴面岩石组成多为石灰岩,且泰山地势为东高西低,较多溪流为自动向西流;
4、实验实习中,坚定岩石矿物,主要鉴定光泽(包括金属光泽、半金属光泽、非金属光泽)、颜色(岩石有本色、假色、他色,其中其条痕颜色为其本身的颜色)、形态(晶体、非晶体等)、力学性质(解理性质、断口、硬度等)、发光性、盐酸反应、磁性、导电性等。
5、岩石元素组成分中,钾长石和云母等钾元素含量较高。泰山上钾长石和石英分布较多。
(二)馒头山实习地点(济南市长清区张夏镇徐毛村)
(1)由宋老师带领观察馒头山的各种土质类型分布和岩石的性状和形成分布;
(2)各组同学带实习工具爬山观察记录各种岩石和土壤的形状、颜色及周围环境等,对个别土壤类型的土壤进行取样测定其ph、对各种岩石进行取样测定其风化物ph和是否具有盐酸反应。
(3)观察记录内容如下:
馒头组土层及主要岩石层分布由下到上为:黄土——薄层灰岩——黄绿色页岩——鲜红色页岩——浅绿色页岩
其中,各土壤和岩石层的分布不是严格遵守以上分布层次,由于受时间和自然风化的影响,各土壤和岩石层的分布基本上以上层次周期性分布。
土壤学作为一门古老而又新发展起来的科学,主要研究土壤发生分类分布、理化和生物学性状,利用和改良,农业生产中有特殊而重要的作用。土壤学一般归属于农业科学中的农业资源利用一级学科,是农学类专业的基础学科。教学实习作为土壤学实践学习的重要内容,每个学生都应该积极参与并认真实习,在实习过程中积极思考和锻炼,掌握各种实习与实践实验的方法和技能,为将来的专业课学习打下坚实的土壤学理论基础。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇十二
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土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇十四
一、实习目的
1、了解野外剖面点的`选择原则,并据此确定调查剖面的位置。
2、掌握土壤剖面挖掘和土层划分的基本原则;学习利用常用工具(罗盘、剖面刀等)与方法进行土壤剖面形态观察与记录。
3、掌握土壤剖面分析样品采样、环刀采样的方法与操作。
4、通过挖掘不同林木下的土壤剖面并进行调查,从而获得其不同特征。
5、培养科研团队精神,培养良好的科研外业习惯,增强小组、班级及专业的凝聚力。
二、实习意义
理论结合实际,学以致用。通过实习的方式让我们对土壤剖面有一个直观的认识,并可以做一些外业调查,同时为室内实验准备原材料。另外,此次实习增进了同学间的合作精神。
三、土壤剖面的确定和土壤样品的采集
由于我们班三个组研究的主题相同,于是我们分组挖掘不同林木下的土壤剖面,以求涉及更多的方面,进而使研究内容更饱满,研究结果更具有概括性。
四、样品处理与分析
1、测容重和含水量
由于环刀取样的限制,我们只取了部分土层的原状土壤,并进行容重和含水量的测定。
2、土样的处理及速效钾的测定
(1)将采集的各层土样过1mm和0、25mm的筛供以后实验使用。
(2)用醋酸铵浸提法测土壤样品的速效钾含量。
3、用电位法测土壤样品的ph。
4、用稀释热法测土壤样品的有机碳和有机质的含量。
5、用比重法测土壤样品的质地
五、实验结果与分析
林木土层土壤含水量(%)速效钾测定有机质含量测定ph质地有机碳百分比(%)有机质百分比(%)栓皮栎荆条大a19、402904、487、727、97砂壤土大bc18、23600、190、337、53砂壤土槲栎鹫峰a—2803、756、4656、74砂壤土鹫峰b14、72700、210、365、48砂壤土
鹫峰c—600、170、296、83轻黏土
采样地点:校内。
(二)实验分析
1、野外调查分析
野外调查主要是通过目测及老师提供的调查方法对土壤剖面进行大致的调查,所得结论可能与室内实验有所差别。但是野外调查所做的初步判断能够让我们对所调查剖面有一个初步了解,依然具有重要意义。参照野外调查数据所得结论如下:
(1)土壤剖面的紧实度从上到下逐渐增大,不同于农业土壤。原因是我们所挖土壤剖面为自然土壤剖面,受人为因素(如人及机器的碾压)影响极小,由于重力的作用,上层土壤必定对下层土壤产生压力,压力由上向下逐渐增大,于是产生土壤剖面紧实度从上向下逐渐增大的结果。
(2)同一地区不同植被下的土壤紧实度不同。大区地形差别不大,所挖剖面土壤的紧实度却不同,这时植被的影响因素不容忽略。由于不同植被的生长所需环境不同,而植物的生长也在影响着周围的环境。不同植物的根系对土壤的切割能力不同,代谢产生的有机酸不同,因此导致周围矿物岩石的风化程度也不同,进而影响土壤的紧实度和石砾含量。
(3)不同植被下土壤的质地不同。由于大区环境大体相同,土壤质地的不同同样取决于植被。不同植被的含根量及跟的大小粗细不同,必然影响周围矿物岩石的物理风化,而植物生长过程中释放的有机酸的不同让土壤进行进一步不同的化学风化和生物风化,加上不同植物吸收的营养元素的种类和数量有所差异,必导致土壤质地不同。另外,植物生长所需水分不同,会导致不同植被下的土壤含水量不同。
2、室内实验数据分析
(1)土壤的含水量同野外调查结果大体一致,从上到下呈逐渐降低的趋势,由于土壤颗粒的截留必然会产生这样的结果。
(2)同一土壤剖面的土壤容重从上至下呈增高的趋势,不同植被下的土壤容重又有所不同。容重在一定程度上可以反映土壤的孔隙度,可见土壤的孔隙度从上到下呈降低的趋势,这一趋势也符合土壤紧实度自上而下逐渐增大的变化规律。造成以上规律的原因同样是重力和植物的综合影响。
(3)土壤速效钾的含量从上到下大体呈降低的规律,不同植被下又有所不同。钾素是植物生长所需的养分之一。土壤中的钾素可分为四种状态:含钾矿物(难溶性钾);非代换性钾(迟效钾);代换性钾;水溶性钾(后两种为速效钾)。植物所能利用的钾是以水溶性及代换性状态存在的钾,其中主要是代换性钾。土壤中的速效钾之所以呈现从上到下逐渐降低的规律,我认为能为原因有两方面:第一,矿质元素的生物小循环。钾被植物吸收以后运输到植株的各个部位,最后随着枯枝落叶返回土壤。由于土壤颗粒的截留,会导致土壤中钾的含量从上到下逐渐减少。第二,植物根系在生长过程中要不断地吸收钾,因此由于根系的吸引作用,根系附近钾的聚集也相应会多一点,而根系也主要集中在土壤剖面的上层。综上所述,以钾的循环为主,根系对钾的吸引为辅的机制,导致了以上规律。
(4)土壤有机质的含量自上而下逐渐减少,不同植被下又有所不同。造成这种规律的原因是:第一,总体上植物散落的枯枝落叶、动物及微生物的残体所积累的有机质遗留在土壤表层之后,虽然会随着雨水等向下渗,但由于土壤颗粒的截留,就会导致有机质含量自上而下逐渐减少;第二,不同植被散落的枯枝落叶不同、周围环境中的微生物不同会造成不同植被下有机质的含量的差异;第三,不同植被生长所需环境不同,同时对环境的影响也有差异,因此对土壤质地会有不同的影响,从而导致不同植被下的土壤的截留能力的差异,也在一定程度上影响的有机质的分布规律。(5)不同植被下土壤的ph和有机质不同。ph没有明显的规律,猜想原因是不同植被的根系位置不同、释放有机酸的量和位置不同、周围环境中的微生物的种类和数量也不同,以上因素综合导致了土壤的ph的不规律性。土壤质地从上到下由壤土过渡为砂土或黏土,主要是不同植被的改造能力的差异引起的。
六、实习结论
同一地区土壤的各种特征的变化规律从上到下大体一致,但不同植被下的土壤特征有所差异。这种规律主要是植被引起的。植物生长过程中,从周围吸收的营养成分不同,因而对周围环境的改造程度有所差异,从而导致了同一地区土壤特征大体规律一致,具体有所差异的结果。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇十五
名称:土壤植物地理实习
地点:湖北应山自然保护区
时间:20xx年4月23日--20xx年4月25日
实习人员:城市与环境科学学院xx级地理科学专业
指导老师:***
土壤与植物地理学是自然地理环境的重要组成要素之一,是地理环境的产物和表证。土壤植物地理实验是植物地理学教学重要的实践环节,是地理学者基本功的训练之一。
本实习目的是验证课堂所学理论知识,加学生深对课堂所学理论知识的理解,培养学生土壤与植物地理实验分析、结果计算、数据处理的技能和技巧。
培养学生掌握和学习植物地理的实验方法和研究的技能,提高分析自然地理现象相互联系、相互制约的能力。培养学生独立思考和辨证唯物主义思想方法,培养学生严肃认真的科学态度和实事求是的工作作风。具体要求学生:
1.掌握土壤机械组成、ph值、速效磷测定技术方法。
2.对土壤地理研究的实验室研究技术和方法有一点感性认识。
3.对土壤粒级、土壤机械组成、土壤ph值、速效养分有更深刻的认识。
4掌握植物分类学 植物生态学? 植物群落学的基本理论知识与方法。认识常见植物得优势种40-50种,认识和描述植物的形态特征。
以10-15人小组为单位进行实验。小组每个人共同按规程完成取得实验结果,独自撰写实验报告。
实验前必须预习实验实习指导书的相关部分,了解实验的基本内容并把个人准备的实验物品带到实验室。必须提前15分钟到达实验室,做好实验前的准备工作。
根据实验指导内容独立进行实验,按要求认真操作,仔细观察,分析比较。记录与画图,有困难时,积极思考,分析原因,自己排除障碍,实在解决不了才找老师帮助或同学之间互相帮住。
实验结果及时准确记录并做实验报告,按时交实验报告。实验报告要求简明扼要,条理清楚。
必须严格遵守实验室的规则。
(一)环境条件
环境是指某个特定主体周围一切事物及现象的总和。影响植物生存是环境因素(生态因子)根据其性质可分为6个基本类型:
非生物因子:⑴气候因子。如光、温度、降水、风等。
⑵土壤因子。包括土壤结构、物理性质和化学性质。
⑶地形因子。有海拔高度、坡向、坡度、坡位和坡型。
生物因子:? ⑴植物因子。包括植物之间的机械作用、共生、寄生和附生。
⑵动物因子。如摄食、传粉和践踏等。
⑶人为因子。有垦殖、放牧和采伐等。
环境中各种生态因子是彼此联系,互相影响的,任何一个单因子的变化,认识植物的生长,发育,繁殖及其都必将引起其他因子不同程度的变化及其反作用,而且植物生长发育的不同阶段对生态因子的需求也不同。因此在综合作用分析中区分生态因子的直接作用和间接作用对分布都很重要。
下面从环境的多个角度来分析环境对植物生存的影响:
⑴光照条件。光照对于植物的生存来说是非常重要的的,所有的绿色植物都需要通过光合作用来固碳。同时光照的强度、光质以及光照长短也对植物有影响,这些影响是通过影响植物的光合作用来实现的。
⑵温度条件。植物吸水需要适宜的温度范围,例如温度过低的话会限制植物的吸水。温度对蒸腾作用也有影响:一方面,温度高低会改变饱和差从而影响植物蒸腾,一般来说气温越高,蒸腾越强;另一方面,温度能直接影响叶面温度和气孔开关,叶面温度比气温越高,蒸腾越强。植物光合作用需要适宜的温度范围。温度还对光合作用有影响,这是通过暗反应实现的。此外温度还会通过影响酶的作用来影响呼吸作用。
⑶水分条件:水分是代谢作用过程的反应物质,也是植物对物质吸收和运输的溶剂。在光合作用,呼吸作用,有机物合成和分解的过程中,都有水分子的参与。各种物质只有溶解到水中才能被植物吸收和在植物体内运输。植物体内水分在蒸发蒸腾散失过程中,可以减低植物体温,是植物热量调节和热代谢的主要方式。
⑷营养条件:
(1)矿质营养元素:矿质营养元素是植物生命活动所必需的,其生理作用:a细胞结构物质的组成成分b植物生命活动的调解者,参与酶的活动c电化学作用,即平衡离子浓度,稳定胶体,中和电荷等。
(2) 碳素营养:是植物的生命基础,在植物体内占干重的45%,是植物所有器官组织的组成物及有机化合物的主要骨架,这些有机物氧化释放的能量为所有生物活动必需。
⑸生物条件:
(1)动物对植物的影响:主要表现在动物对植物的摄食以及对植物传粉的影响。
(2)植物对植物的影响:主要表现在对各种气候因子的竞争及对空间的竞争,还有各种植物间的寄生共生关系等。
⑹地形条件: 地形因子主要通过对光,温,水和营养等生态因子进行空间再分配,形成多样的生境,从而间接影响植物的生命活动。
⑺气候条件:不同植物对气候的适应能力是不同的,所以植物分布会因气候的不同而不同。
(二)实习安排
1.4月23日
上午:观察路边及附近植物,认识植物结构,采集标本。
乔木层?杉木、马尾松,若无人为影响,还有阔叶林、灌木层? 茂密,主要有竹子和檵木(金缕梅科)、草本?林内有蕨类植物,草本植被很少藤本? 野葛(豆科) 田里藤本状 菝(百合科),常见的还有青葙、蓼科植物、山茶科、野牡丹科(柏拉木)等。
下午:分组压制标本。
土壤实验报告 土壤学实验报告总结篇十六
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